George Mueller's 'all-up' testing philosophy meant the Saturn V's first flight used all three live stages and a live Apollo command and service module, rather than testing stages incrementally with ballast.
Sources
- We Built the Saturn V (smithsonianmag.com)
- https://www.nasa.gov/history/55-years-ago-apollo-4-the-first-flight-of-the-saturn-v/ (nasa.gov)
- https://www.space.com/18505-nasa-moon-rocket-saturn-v-history.html (space.com)
- https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4206/ch12.htm (history.nasa.gov)
- http://heroicrelics.org/info/all-up/mueller-memo.html (heroicrelics.org)
- https://www.nasa.gov/mission/apollo-4/ (nasa.gov)
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