Before the marine chronometer, ships could determine latitude from celestial observations but had no reliable way to determine longitude at sea, because no timekeeper survived shipboard conditions accurately enough.
Sources
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- https://www.britannica.com/technology/navigation-technology/Longitude-measurements (britannica.com)
- https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/research/centres/cage/news/03-09-25-the_marine_chronometer_a_key_to_global_transformation/ (warwick.ac.uk)
- https://www.darwishwatches.com/the-marvel-of-marine-chronometers-navigating-the-high-seas-with-precision/ (darwishwatches.com)
- https://timeandnavigation.si.edu/navigating-at-sea/navigating-without-a-clock (timeandnavigation.si.edu)
- https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/invention-chronometer (encyclopedia.com)
- https://mymodernmet.com/marine-chronometer-clocks/ (mymodernmet.com)
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- https://arxiv.org/pdf/2201.08467 (arxiv.org)
- https://www.gnomonwatches.com/blogs/news/marine-chronometer (gnomonwatches.com)
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