Psychology
66 verified facts in this category.
- Daryl Bem, together with P. Tressoldi, T. Rabeyron, and M. Duggan, published a 2016 meta-analysis of 90 experiments on the anomalous anticipation of random future events.
- A study published in Pediatrics in 2014 (volume 133, pages e835–e842), titled 'Effective messages in vaccine promotion: a randomized trial,' found that exposure to scientific facts about vaccination can paradoxically make people less likely to vaccinate, a phenomenon known as a 'backfire effect.'
- In the Open Science Collaboration's 2015 replication project, only about 36% of 100 replicated psychology studies produced statistically significant results similar to the originals.
- The 1966 book 'The Influence of Culture on Visual Perception' reported that people from some cultures were completely unaffected by certain visual illusions that affected U.S. college students.
- The 1966 book 'The Influence of Culture on Visual Perception' reported that U.S. college students perceived some visual illusions to a much greater degree than people from many other cultures, including the San foragers of the Kalahari.
- People from WEIRD societies represent only about 12% of the world's population.
- People from Western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic (WEIRD) societies account for as much as 80% of participants in behavioral science studies.
- Psychologists have found that emotionally vivid 'flashbulb memories,' such as memories of the September 11, 2001 attacks, are often surprisingly inaccurate despite feeling clear and detailed.
- DebunkBot's debunking effect was equally effective when participants were told they were speaking with a human expert rather than an AI.
- The reduction in conspiracy belief caused by DebunkBot conversations remained just as large two months later as it was immediately after the conversation.
- About one in four participants who initially believed a conspiracy theory said they no longer believed it after talking with DebunkBot.
- In a study published in Science, more than 2,000 conspiracy believers had an approximately 8.4-minute, three-round conversation with an AI chatbot called DebunkBot, which reduced their confidence in the conspiracy by 20%.
- The study found that for disappeared objects, human imagination primarily uses a serial process, tracking each object one after another rather than simulating multiple objects in parallel.
- Researchers found that human imagination's capacity for tracking disappeared moving objects was limited to one object, contrary to their initial expectation that it could track approximately three or four.
- In a study of HIV-positive men, those who tended to blame themselves for negative outside events experienced a significantly faster decline in helper T cells, which are important for maintaining immune function.
- By age 4, human children met emergence criteria for all 14 tested cognitive tasks, while chimpanzees and bonobos met criteria for only 8 of 14 tasks, and intention-emulation and social learning never emerged in chimpanzees and bonobos by age 8 in a longitudinal study.
- Organizations implemented the 'signing first' honesty intervention from the 2012 paper before the fraud in the paper was exposed.
- Researchers Benjamin Goldman, Jamie Gracie, and Sonya Porter found that residential segregation does not explain the low rate of white-Black marriage in the United States.
- A study found that when people from low- and high-income backgrounds live in the same neighborhood, more cross-class marriages form, but this pattern does not occur for interracial marriages.
- A National Bureau of Economic Research working paper found that greater exposure to people from other groups leads to more marriages across class lines but has no detectable effect on White–Black marriage rates.
- In 1976, about one-quarter of American voters lived in counties that a presidential candidate won by a landslide; by 2004, that figure had risen to nearly one-half, according to Bill Bishop.
- In a study using the Columbia Card Task, participants who experienced cross-race rejection turned over an average of 12.06 cards on nonloss trials, compared with 10.18 cards after same-race rejection (F(1,78)=4.93, p=.029, d=0.50), indicating increased risk-taking behavior.
- In a study on interracial rejection, participants rejected by same-race partners showed greater cortisol increases immediately after the interaction than participants rejected by cross-race partners (F(1,86)=4.51, p=.037, d=0.46), though the difference became statistically nonsignificant 20 minutes later (F(1,86)=2.72, p=.10, d=0.36).
- Cross-race rejection was associated with significantly lower total peripheral resistance than same-race rejection during both a speech task (F(1,84)=6.26, p=.014, d=0.55) and a discussion task (F(1,84)=8.19, p=.005, d=0.63), indicating an approach/challenge-like cardiovascular pattern rather than a withdrawal/threat pattern.
- In 2015, Brian Nosek's lab attempted to replicate 100 studies from three psychology journals and was unable to reproduce a large portion of the original findings.
- Only 39 of the 100 psychology studies examined in the Reproducibility Project were successfully replicated.
- Reducing the default postoperative opioid prescription from 30 tablets to 12 in one hospital system reduced opioid prescribing by 15%, amounting to approximately 25,000 fewer oxycodone tablets over 3 months, without a significant increase in refills.
- In a 2015 conceptual replication study with 200 participants, Ranehill et al. found that power posing significantly increased self-reported feelings of power but produced no significant effects on hormonal levels or risk-taking behavior.
- After the power-posing controversy, Amy Cuddy continued to support the theory, while Dana Carney, the first author of the original 2010 study, ultimately renounced it.
- During the spring 2020 COVID-19 lockdown in Italy, nearly 50% of people over age 16 reported symptoms of depression, according to the #PRESTOinsieme survey.
- Since the 1980s, black women in the U.S. have become increasingly less likely than white women to be married.
- The HBSC 2022 survey found that 1 in 5 fifteen-year-old girls has problematic social media use.
- The HBSC 2022 survey found that only one in four adolescents eats vegetables at least once a day.
- University of British Columbia researchers Joe Henrich, Steven Heine and Ara Norenzayan wrote a review concluding that WEIRD populations are not representative of humans as a species and are outliers on many measures.
- In Greene and Paxton's study, participants who behaved mostly honestly showed the same reaction times whether they had an opportunity to cheat or not, and whether they won or lost money.
- In Greene and Paxton's coin-flip prediction study, 14 of 35 participants were classified as 'dishonest' because they achieved an improbable average accuracy of 69% or higher.
- Research from Joseph Ripberger and the University of Oklahoma's Center for Risk and Crisis Management found that the public can interpret the term 'possible' or 'possibly' as representing probabilities ranging from 10% to 90%.
- When the AI model was instructed to persuade users without using facts or evidence, its debunking effect on conspiracy beliefs was completely eliminated.
- Offering participants a substantial monetary reward did not improve their ability to track two invisible balls in the study.
- In the study, online participants performed better when two balls moved in tandem before disappearing, but their performance remained far worse than when the two balls stayed visible until impact.
- A study published in Nature Communications found that participants could easily predict when a single ball would hit the ground after disappearing from view, but struggled to track two invisible balls simultaneously.
- In a comparative cognitive study, human children outperformed same-age chimpanzees and bonobos in social cognition at ages 2, 3, and 4, but were not more proficient in physical cognition at age 2.
- In 2012, Max Bazerman and four coauthors published a paper claiming that signing a promise to tell the truth before filling out a form produced greater honesty than signing it afterward.
- A 2024 study found that children who experience more warm physical affection, such as hugging, are 11.7% more likely to have ideal heart health as adults.
- Using comparable skill measures and covariates from the NLSY79 and NLSY97 surveys, David Deming found that the labor-market return to social skills was much greater in the 2000s than in the mid-1980s and 1990s.
- Between 1980 and 2012, jobs requiring high levels of social interaction increased by nearly 12 percentage points as a share of the U.S. labor force.
- In Latin American countries, highly educated individuals are less likely to be married than less-educated individuals.
- A 2003 study covering 1959–1998 found that television cameras on the legislative floor correlated with an increase in Senate filibusters.
- Participants who experienced cross-race rejection showed greater attentional bias toward emotionally negative words on an emotional-Stroop task (M=2.54) than those who experienced same-race rejection (M=-0.52), F(1,84)=4.05, p=.047, d=0.44.
- In a study of 91 participants, rejection by a partner of a different race produced greater cardiac-output reactivity than rejection by a same-race partner during both a speech task (F(1,84)=4.32, p=.041, d=0.45) and a discussion task (F(1,84)=4.56, p=.036, d=0.47).
- A follow-up investigation comprising five related experiments failed to find an effect of signing at the beginning of a form on dishonesty.
- Scott E. Maxwell, Michael Y. Lau, and George S. Howard argued that a statistically significant original psychology study followed by a nonsignificant single replication does not necessarily constitute a genuine failure to replicate, because the replication may have had low statistical power.
- In the Reproducibility Project, effects that were successfully replicated were generally smaller or weaker than the effects reported in the original studies.
- In death investigations across 18 U.S. states from 2003–2014, approximately 9% of suicide decedents had evidence of chronic pain at the time of death.
- A survey by Nederhof and Zwier found that 87.6% of active psychology researchers agreed that social psychologists had shown much concern about the state of their discipline, while 34.1% still agreed that 'there is a crisis in social psychology.'
- During the spring 2020 COVID-19 lockdown in Italy, 88.6% of people over age 16 reported suffering psychological stress, according to the #PRESTOinsieme survey.
- About 1 in 8 women who have recently given birth report symptoms of postpartum depression.
- A 2022 study found that women who hugged their romantic partners before a stressful event were more resilient to stress.
- Latino-white pairings account for 43% of all interracial marriages in the United States.
- Maxwell, Lau, and Howard proposed that multiple replications, rather than a single replication study, may be required to obtain enough statistical power to identify true psychological effects.
- Scott E. Maxwell, Michael Y. Lau, and George S. Howard argue that multiple replications, rather than a single replication study, may be required to obtain sufficient statistical power to identify true psychological effects.
- A 2015 American Psychologist article by Scott E. Maxwell, Michael Y. Lau, and George S. Howard argues that a significant original psychology study result followed by a nonsignificant single replication does not necessarily constitute a genuine failure to replicate, because the replication may have had low statistical power.
- Researcher Álex Escolà-Gascón developed the Multivariable Multiaxial Suggestibility Inventory-2 (MMSI-2), a psychometric tool designed to measure and explain supernatural experiences, described in a 2021 paper in Frontiers in Psychology.
- A 1997 study by E.N. Aron and A. Aron established a link between sensory-processing sensitivity and traits of introversion and emotionality, published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
- University of Tennessee at Knoxville psychologist Lowell Gaertner and his colleagues argued that examining surface differences among cultures (the phenotype) does little to advance understanding of universal human behavior or genotype.
- The Cardiff Anomalous Perceptions Scale (CAPS), a validated measure of anomalous perceptual experience, was introduced in 2006 by V. Bell, P.W. Halligan, and H.D. Ellis in Schizophrenia Bulletin.