Science
1179 verified facts in this category, showing 401–500.
- Some individual footprints from the Poland tetrapod tracksite were as wide as 10 inches (26 centimeters).
- Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki of Warsaw University co-authored a study on 395-million-year-old tetrapod footprints found in Poland.
- The Mongolian fossils of Zavacephale rinpoche are at least 14 million years older than the previously oldest known pachycephalosaur, Sinocephale from China.
- The Zavacephale rinpoche fossil contains the first hand digit (finger) bones ever reported for any pachycephalosaur.
- Zavacephale rinpoche is the oldest known pachycephalosaur, dating to roughly 108 million years ago.
- The Dueling Dinosaurs fossil was discovered in 2006 and remained inaccessible to scientists during a prolonged ownership dispute until the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences acquired it in 2020.
- In a food-sharing experiment, chimpanzee sharing behavior declined from an average of 7.12 out of 9 trials among juveniles to 4.43 among adults.
- In a food-sharing experiment, bonobo sharing behavior remained similar from juveniles (6.83 out of 9 trials) to adults (6.33 out of 9 trials), unlike chimpanzees.
- Before the rotavirus vaccine was added to the routine U.S. childhood vaccine schedule in 2006, nearly every child in the United States was infected with rotavirus before age 5, causing 55,000–70,000 hospitalizations and 20–60 deaths annually.
- A rare congenital heart valve condition called a quadricuspid valve occurs when a person is born with four cusps on the aortic valve instead of the usual three.
- A rare congenital heart valve condition called a unicuspid valve occurs when a person is born with only one cusp on the aortic valve instead of the usual three.
- System-wide measurements of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) extend back only about 20 years.
- The Iceland Faroe Slope Jet is a deep, dense-water current that flows south and east through the Faroe Bank Channel and feeds into the lower limb of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC).
- El Niño Modoki is a variant of El Niño that involves unusual warming in the central tropical Pacific alongside cooling in the eastern and western tropical Pacific.
- The European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) Dome C ice core record reconstructs atmospheric carbon dioxide levels for the last 800,000 years.
- A dangerous strain of salmonella has spread through the U.S. chicken industry and sickened thousands of people, according to a 2021 ProPublica investigation.
- The Martian rock features found by NASA's Perseverance rover also include small black dots that scientists nicknamed 'poppy seeds'.
- The deep-sea neutrino telescope that detected this record particle is called KM3NeT.
- Topological insulators were first observed experimentally in 2007; the first three-dimensional topological insulator was confirmed in 2008.
- Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome can cause blood clotting problems and can be potentially fatal.
- A 2013 study published in Science Translational Medicine reported that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are a source of citrullinated autoantigens and stimulate inflammatory responses in rheumatoid arthritis.
- A 1998 study published in Nature Medicine found that mice lacking neutrophil elastase show impaired host defense against gram-negative bacterial sepsis.
- Researchers from Mayo Clinic's Center for Individualized Medicine found that epithelioid trophoblastic tumor recurrently exhibits an abnormal fusion of two genes.
- James Clerk Maxwell is credited with creating the first color photograph in 1861, having Thomas Sutton photograph a tartan ribbon through red, green, and blue filters and projecting the three images simultaneously.
- Researchers used a machine-learning neural network trained on earthquake data labeled by human experts to detect the tiny earthquakes of the Cahuilla swarm in seismic records.
- The Cahuilla earthquake swarm produced earthquakes from early 2016 through 2019 and caused no significant damage despite lasting four years.
- The largest earthquake in the Cahuilla swarm occurred in August 2018, nearly three years after the swarm began, and measured magnitude 4.4.
- In a three-month study, people following a fasting-mimicking diet consumed approximately 750–1,100 calories per day for five days each month and lost weight without losing muscle mass.
- One male rhesus monkey in a calorie restriction study reached 43 years old, reported as a record for the species.
- In a Nature Communications study, six of 20 rhesus monkeys on a diet restricted by 30% lived beyond 40 years.
- The Open Science Collaboration's article on psychological-science reproducibility was authored by a group of 270 coauthors.
- The National Institutes of Health Women's Health Initiative reported that menopausal hormone therapy started in women age 65 or older increased the risk of dementia.
- Mayo Clinic radiologist Kejal Kantarci, M.D., was the lead author of a study that was the first to show reduced brain amyloid deposition in newly postmenopausal women receiving 17beta-estradiol through a skin patch.
- Researchers described the period 5-36 months past menopause as the 'critical window' of rapid estrogen depletion.
- A 2014 study linked hugging with stronger protection against the common cold.
- Sediment collected from beneath Hiawatha Glacier contained shocked quartz, quartz grains with brown 'toasting,' and minerals altered by shock metamorphism into glass.
- Radar measurements indicate the Hiawatha crater's circular rim rises approximately 1,050 feet above its floor.
- At an estimated 19 miles wide, the Hiawatha impact crater would rank among the 25 largest known impact craters on Earth.
- The proposed Hiawatha impact crater is estimated to be 19 miles wide, larger than Washington, D.C.
- During the global winter caused by the asteroid impact, temperatures fell below freezing.
- Employment and wage growth from 1980 to 2012 were especially strong in jobs requiring high levels of both math skill and social skills.
- From 1980 to 2012, math-intensive but less-social jobs, including many STEM occupations, declined by 3.3 percentage points as a share of the U.S. labor force.
- The effects of age-distribution shifts on unemployment in the U.S. are larger than a mechanical shift-share model predicts, indicating amplifying indirect effects.
- A matching model calibrated on 2002–2007 CPS data explains much of the observed outward shift in the Beveridge curve between 2008 and 2013.
- A matching model calibrated with Current Population Survey panel data from 2002–2007 can account for almost all of the increase in the incidence of long-term unemployment observed after 2008.
- A study found that compositional shifts in demographics, occupation, industry, region, and reason for unemployment jointly explain very little of the sharp increase in long-term unemployment during the Great Recession.
- Although little data suggest menthol itself is addictive, its reduction of smoke's irritant effect can lead people to smoke more, inhale more deeply, and hold smoke longer, increasing nicotine exposure.
- Researchers have found no clear proof of a link between MSG and the symptoms attributed to MSG symptom complex.
- Reactions known as 'MSG symptom complex' are not allergic reactions, even though they can include headache, flushing, body tingling, nausea, muscle aches, chest pain or heaviness, and heart palpitations.
- Glutamate is not related to gluten.
- The FDA updated its criteria for using the word 'healthy' on food labels for the first time in 30 years.
- Testing a food's glycemic index can involve 10 or more healthy people eating enough of the food to provide 50 grams of carbohydrates, with blood sugar measured repeatedly over two hours.
- The 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans do not mention the cancer risks associated with processed or red meat, and state that processed meat can fit into a diet if other nutrient limits are met.
- The World Health Organization classified processed meat as a carcinogen.
- The FDA stated that data from a 2022 color additive petition showed FD&C Red No. 3 causes cancer in male laboratory rats exposed to high levels.
- More than 99% of species listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act have avoided extinction due to the law's protections.
- The USGS earthquake hazards map excludes earthquakes caused by human activities such as pumping wastewater from hydraulic fracturing or injecting carbon dioxide deep underground.
- The USGS identified 28 million people living in areas where 'pretty strong ground shaking' is expected within the next 50 years.
- More than 143 million Americans live in an earthquake zone and face at least some risk of a damaging earthquake by 2065, according to a U.S. Geological Survey analysis.
- The median number of populations required for delisting under U.S. Endangered Species Act recovery plans is 8.
- Delisting is considered possible for only 74% of the 1,173 species with recovery plans under the U.S. Endangered Species Act.
- A 2000 study found that two-thirds of parents bringing children under 7 to city emergency rooms did not know the difference between concentrated infants' acetaminophen drops and other acetaminophen formulations.
- According to arXiv paper 2411.12990, most evaluated AI benchmarks do not allow their results to be easily replicated.
- Senior author Steven McCarroll said mice have 'nothing like' the newly identified primate interneuron.
- The newly discovered primate-specific interneuron is located in the striatum, a brain structure associated with cognition, reward, coordinated movement, Huntington's disease, and potentially schizophrenia.
- Researchers conducted a preregistered, high-powered direct replication of experiment 1 from the 2012 PNAS paper on signing location and honesty, and failed to replicate the original result.
- Gilbert, King, Pettigrew, and Wilson's comment states that correcting the statistical errors in the Open Science Collaboration article provides no evidence of a replication crisis in psychological science.
- The corrected evidence in Gilbert, King, Pettigrew, and Wilson's comment is described as consistent with psychological science reproducibility being statistically indistinguishable from 100%, while being insufficient to reliably estimate whether replicability actually is 100%.
- A study criticized for data leakage used anti-hypertensive-drug use as a feature to predict hypertension, even though that information would not be available when predicting the outcome for a new patient.
- In the Blair and Sambanis comparison, the proposed escalation model was not significantly better than four baseline models, with one-tailed test Z values of 0.64, 1.09, 0.42, and 0.67 and corresponding p values of 0.26, 0.14, 0.34, and 0.25.
- A survey identified data leakage in 22 papers across 17 research fields, collectively affecting 294 papers.
- People with XY chromosomes and androgen insensitivity syndrome, an intersex condition, can develop external sex characteristics typical of females.
- Under CDC's updated 2024 COVID-19 guidance, people may resume regular activities within 24 hours if they have been fever-free for at least 24 hours without medication and their symptoms are mild and improving.
- Up to 50% of hepatitis B cases are attributed to perinatal transmission from mother to infant, which can occur at or around birth.
- Hepatitis B cases in the United States have fallen by 99% since the birth dose vaccine was implemented in 1991.
- Short-term fasting may temporarily increase metabolic rate by increasing the release of norepinephrine, a fat-burning hormone.
- Fasting may trigger cells to initiate autophagy, the process of digesting and removing old or dysfunctional proteins.
- During fasting, human growth hormone (HGH) levels increase in the body.
- A longevity model identified brain neurons and heart muscle cells as major bottlenecks to life span because they divide little or not at all after adulthood.
- The FDA approved a rotavirus vaccine in fall 1998, but by July 1999 the CDC recommended it not be used due to increased cases of intussusception among vaccinated children.
- According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, rotavirus caused up to 50,000 hospitalizations and 20 to 40 deaths among children and adults each year.
- Red, blue, and purple dyes in gelatin, ice pops, or drinks can discolor the colon lining and make it harder for a doctor to see during a colonoscopy.
- Ingredients listing 'partially hydrogenated' oils indicate the presence of trans fats in a food product.
- Brain bleeding associated with lecanemab or donanemab can rarely cause death, while serious brain swelling from these drugs can rarely cause seizures and other symptoms.
- People who carry the APOE e4 form of the APOE gene appear to have a higher risk of serious brain-swelling and brain-bleeding complications from lecanemab or donanemab, and the FDA recommends testing for this gene before treatment.
- A single drug-use screening question about past-year illegal drug use or nonmedical prescription medication use was found to be 100% sensitive and 73.5% specific for detecting a drug use disorder in a primary-care setting.
- In a study of patients prescribed opioids after an emergency-department visit for acute pain, 92.5% reported having leftover pills, and 52.2% of prescribed pills were unused overall.
- In the Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study, participants receiving lifestyle intervention had an average increase in life expectancy of 1.44 years (95% CI 0.20–2.68; p=0.023).
- In the Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study, lifestyle intervention was associated with a lower incidence of microvascular complications (hazard ratio 0.65, 95% CI 0.45–0.95; p=0.025).
- After accounting for total daily step count, researchers found no association between stepping intensity and risk of death.
- Taking 12,000 steps per day was associated with a 65% lower risk of all-cause mortality compared with taking 4,000 steps per day.
- In a study of approximately 4,800 U.S. adults aged 40 and older, taking 8,000 steps per day was associated with a 51% lower risk of all-cause mortality compared with taking 4,000 steps per day.
- Among US young adults aged 18–34, chronic-condition prevalence increased from 52.5% in 2013 to 59.5% in 2023, and multiple chronic condition prevalence increased from 21.8% to 27.1% over the same period.
- In 2023, 78.4% of US midlife adults aged 35–64 years (about 94.8 million people) reported at least 1 chronic condition.
- In 2023, obesity (27.3%) and depression (25.0%) were more frequently reported chronic conditions among US young adults than high cholesterol (16.3%), and obesity and depression saw the most significant prevalence increases from 2013 to 2023.
- In 2023, 27.1% of US young adults aged 18–34 years (about 19.9 million people) reported multiple chronic conditions (2 or more).
- Rapamycin extended lifespan in both male and female UM-HET3 mice, with females showing a greater benefit than males (Harrison et al., 2009; Miller et al., 2011, 2014).
- The NIA Interventions Testing Program found that acarbose significantly extended lifespan in both sexes of UM-HET3 mice, but the effect was much greater in males than in females (Harrison et al., 2014).
- According to a 2024 study by Garmany and Terzic, the global gap between healthspan and lifespan widened to 9.6 years over the preceding 20 years, with the United States showing the largest reported disparity at 12.4 years.
- The Younger Dryas Cold Event was named after the tundra wildflower Dryas octopetala, whose remains in Scandinavian lake sediments serve as a dating marker.