Science
1179 verified facts in this category, showing 601–700.
- The first effective chemotherapies were developed in the 1940s.
- The Milky Way contains a supermassive black hole about four million times the mass of the Sun.
- In 2020, JAXA's Hayabusa2 mission returned to Earth with a sample from the C-type asteroid Ryugu.
- More than 8,000 name suggestions for the newly discovered chiton were submitted through social media during a public naming campaign.
- China approved its first domestically designed depression drug for sale in November 2022.
- The JAMA Neurology study found that both sleeping six hours or less and sleeping nine hours or more per night were associated with more depressive symptoms and more napping compared to sleeping seven or eight hours per night.
- The JAMA Neurology study found that both sleeping six hours or less and sleeping nine hours or more per night were associated with higher body mass index compared to sleeping seven or eight hours per night.
- The JAMA Neurology study found that sleeping six hours or less per night was associated with impaired cognition, especially memory.
- In the meta-analysis, every additional 48 grams of whole grains consumed per day was associated with reductions in body weight, waist circumference, total cholesterol, and interleukin-6 (IL-6).
- The meta-analysis found the greatest benefits for most outcomes occurred at approximately 60–100 grams of whole grains per day by dry weight, equivalent to about 4–6 servings.
- The meta-analysis found cardiovascular benefits began at around 3 servings of whole grains per day, equivalent to one bowl of oatmeal and two slices of whole-wheat bread.
- Little Foot is an australopithecine, classified as different from Lucy's species, Australopithecus afarensis.
- Missing birth-control pills can cause headaches or migraines due to lower estrogen levels, especially when pills are missed at the beginning of a new pack or before the period.
- People taking the minipill should not experience headaches or migraines from missed pills related to estrogen withdrawal, since the minipill contains no estrogen.
- If a minipill is taken more than 3 hours late, or any number of minipills are missed, backup birth control is needed for 2 days.
- The neutrino was first experimentally detected in 1956.
- Wolfgang Pauli proposed the existence of the neutrino in 1930 to resolve an apparent energy loss problem in a radioactivity experiment.
- In a second study, firefighters were able to manage heat stress at temperatures reaching 45°C by reducing work output while their core temperatures stayed at 38.5°C.
- The clap skate was introduced in speed skating in 1998.
- Cushing syndrome can cause easy bruising because excess cortisol thins the skin.
- Diabetes does not itself cause bruising but can slow wound healing, making bruises linger longer than usual.
- Intense exercise can cause random bruising by straining a muscle enough to injure deep muscle tissue and rupture blood vessels, allowing blood to pool beneath the skin.
- Two laboratories may use different reference ranges for what is considered normal and abnormal, making results from different labs difficult to compare.
- Previous researchers generally assumed that pigs found at Neolithic feasting sites had been raised locally, while cattle were considered more useful indicators of long-distance human movement.
- Strontium, oxygen, sulfur, and carbon isotope analysis was performed on 131 pig remains from four late Neolithic ceremonial sites: Durrington Walls, Marden, Mount Pleasant, and West Kennet Palisade Enclosures.
- Joshua Greene and Joseph Paxton used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study 35 people who predicted computerized coin flips for money, where participants could earn more by falsely claiming correct predictions.
- The match between the Moderna patent sequence and the SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence was found using BLAST, a public database for comparing genetic sequences.
- The enteric nervous system consists of nerves embedded in the digestive organs and controls food breakdown, nutrient absorption, and waste elimination.
- Humans produce about 2 liters of saliva per day.
- Soluble fiber, found in foods like oat bran, beans, peas, and citrus fruits, can cause more gas and bloating than insoluble fiber because intestinal flora digest it.
- Sit-ups and abdominal crunches cannot reduce the size of the stomach organ, though they can burn external fat and tighten abdominal muscles.
- Mayo Clinic researchers conducted the world's first prospective, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical study testing bone marrow stem cells to reduce arthritic pain and disability in the knees.
- The Lagar Velho child's skeleton has a rounded braincase, small front teeth, a narrow torso, and forearm and hand features similar to those of modern humans.
- August's global air temperature averaged 62.53 degrees Fahrenheit, tying July 2023 as the hottest month ever recorded by the European Union's climate service.
- A 2023 PLOS ONE meta-analysis found aerobic exercise was effective for both preventing and treating postpartum depression compared with standard care, with stronger effects for prevention than for treatment.
- Migraine attacks showed a consistent low point with few occurrences late at night, but a broad peak extending from late morning to early evening.
- A meta-analysis found that symptoms followed a circadian pattern in 50% of migraine patients.
- People taking hypothyroidism medication are advised to wait at least one hour after taking the medication before eating or drinking soy products such as miso soup, because soy can reduce thyroid-medicine absorption.
- Koji used to make miso can be produced using Aspergillus oryzae, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and lactic acid bacteria, whose enzymes convert proteins and starches into peptides, amino acids, and sugars.
- The INTERPHONE study examined more than 5,000 people with brain tumors and a similar group without tumors across 13 countries, finding no overall link between brain-tumor risk and cell-phone use, call frequency, or longer call times.
- The 2024 COSMOS Study, involving more than 250,000 mobile-phone users—many with 15 or more years of regular use—found no higher risk of brain tumors compared with light users.
- Mayo Clinic researchers found gastric acid suppression was associated with a statistically significant increased risk of recurrent C. difficile infection in patients with a prior C. difficile infection.
- Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection occurred in 22.1% of patients using gastric acid suppression medications, compared with 17.3% of patients not using such medications.
- The Monte Verde research team dated wooden tools and charcoal from hearths using radiocarbon methods instead of the chemically contaminated cordage.
- Researchers analyzed DNA from 49 people who lived over a span of 10,000 years in Belize, Brazil, the Central Andes, and southern South America.
- Fossilized foot bones show that Paranthropus boisei walked upright on two legs, with lead author Carrie S. Mongle describing the foot as 'unquestionably adapted to walking upright on two legs.'
- A partial Paranthropus boisei skeleton was discovered and excavated in Kenya between 2019 and 2021, in sediment deposits dating to around 1.5 million years ago.
- The 'information bottleneck' theory has been suggested as a possible explanation for how human brains learn.
- After the rotavirus vaccine was adopted in the U.S., rotavirus hospitalizations in children dropped by nearly 80%.
- A bicuspid aortic valve can cause an enlarged aorta, a condition called aortopathy, which increases the risk of aortic dissection, a tear in the aorta's lining.
- El Niño is associated with fewer tropical hurricanes in the Atlantic because it strengthens upper-level westerly winds, producing stronger wind shear that can tear apart developing storms.
- Neutrinos are nicknamed 'ghost particles' because they rarely interact with matter.
- Topological insulators were first theoretically predicted in 2005.
- Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that manifests as a form of albinism.
- A 2022 review found intermittent fasting to be more effective for inducing weight loss than continuous calorie restriction.
- A 2023 study of 209 people found that intermittent fasting three days per week could reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes by increasing insulin sensitivity.
- 'Complex contagion' models of belief spread require exposure to several contacts carrying a new belief before an individual adopts it, unlike basic epidemic models that represent beliefs as a single binary variable (present or absent).
- The Operation IceBridge scan data were publicly available, allowing Danish glaciologists to identify the depression beneath Hiawatha Glacier.
- David Deming's economic model proposes that workers 'trade tasks' to exploit comparative advantages, with social skills reducing coordination costs and enabling more efficient specialization and teamwork.
- MSG symptom complex may include a visual aura without a headache, a symptom also associated with migraine aura.
- The glycemic index value of the same food can vary depending on how it is prepared and processed.
- Whole milk has both a low glycemic index and a low glycemic load, but it is high in fat and calories.
- The World Health Organization classified red meat as a probable carcinogen.
- In 1977, the FDA approved caffeine as GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) for use in cola-type beverages at a concentration of 0.02%.
- More than 70% of American adults are overweight or obese.
- FEMA Region 10 planned a 2016 exercise called Cascadia Rising based on a hypothetical magnitude 9.0 Pacific Northwest earthquake followed by a major tsunami.
- Delisting is considered possible for 92% of threatened species with recovery plans under the U.S. Endangered Species Act.
- A study classified more than 184,000 telencephalic interneurons from ferrets, humans, macaques, marmosets, and mice using Drop-seq high-throughput single-nucleus RNA sequencing.
- Glucocorticoid secretion involves an evolutionary tradeoff: it has protective effects during an ongoing physical stressor but can produce adverse long-term consequences when secretion is excessive.
- Maxwell, Lau, and Howard stated that the large sample sizes typically needed to provide firm evidence in psychology research will almost always require coordinated efforts from multiple investigators rather than a single research team.
- In 2024, the CDC ended its recommendation for a mandatory 5-day isolation period after a positive COVID-19 test.
- In a 2022 randomized clinical trial, participants who followed a calorie-restricted MIND diet for three months scored higher in working memory, verbal recognition memory, and attention than participants in a calorie-restricted control group.
- Eating dinner, sleeping late, and not eating again until lunch the next day can result in fasting for more than 16 hours, even without following a formal intermittent-fasting plan.
- A 2023 research review found that intermittent fasting could harm reproductive health and performance in females of average weight if it leads to insufficient calorie intake, particularly in athletes.
- Cholinesterase inhibitor medications—including donepezil (Aricept, Adlarity), rivastigmine (Exelon) and galantamine (Zunveyl)—may also be prescribed for vascular dementia, Parkinson's disease dementia and Lewy body dementia.
- PET scans can determine whether amyloid or tau proteins, which are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease, have been deposited in the brain.
- The FDA recommends a brain MRI before starting lecanemab or donanemab and periodic brain MRIs during treatment to monitor for brain swelling or bleeding.
- The 2022 CDC opioid guideline removed the previous 3-day and 7-day limits on opioid prescribing for acute pain that were in the 2016 guideline.
- Approximately 1 in 14 U.S. adults experienced high-impact chronic pain in 2019, defined as pain on most or every day during the preceding 3 months that limited life or work activities.
- In the Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study, the lifestyle-intervention group had fewer cardiovascular disease deaths (hazard ratio 0.67, 95% CI 0.48–0.94; p=0.022) and fewer all-cause deaths (hazard ratio 0.74, 95% CI 0.61–0.89; p=0.0015) than the control group.
- Over 30 years, the combined lifestyle intervention in the Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study was associated with fewer cardiovascular disease events than control (hazard ratio 0.74, 95% CI 0.59–0.92; p=0.0060).
- In a specialty clinic study of patients receiving high-dose opioids (defined as 90 MME/day or more) for chronic pain, 44.6% of patients referred for tapering successfully reduced their dose below 90 MME/day, while another 18.8% who could not taper transitioned to sublingual buprenorphine.
- James Kennett, an emeritus geologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, stated that carbon spherules occur throughout the geological record but reach a peak at the Younger Dryas boundary.
- The Younger Dryas period lasted approximately 1,300 years and consisted of freezing temperatures.
- Before radiocarbon dating, dating prehistoric objects from before the 6th century B.C. was largely considered educated guesswork.
- Willard Libby's radiocarbon dates matched the verified ages of the objects he tested, launching the radiocarbon-dating revolution.
- Dramatically lower sea levels during ice ages allow rivers to carve deeper valleys.
- From 1989 to 1992, the joint European Greenland Ice-core Project (GRIP) drilled through 3,029 metres (9,935 feet) of ice at Summit station in east-central Greenland before reaching bedrock.
- Greenland Ice-core Project/Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GRIP/GISP2) ice cores preserve climate records extending back more than 100,000 years.
- Two La Niñas on record occurred two years after an El Niño, with a neutral year in between.
- Excess freshwater from melting ice in Greenland makes North Atlantic water less dense, reducing the AMOC's southward flow and slowing the circulation.
- The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change considers an AMOC shutdown during this century unlikely.
- Consuming hard foods can produce distinctive dental microwear patterns.
- Dental microwear analysis compares patterns of pits and scratches on the occlusal or buccal surface of tooth enamel with patterns observed in extant species to infer ecological information.
- Dental microwear analysis is a method used to infer diet and behavior in extinct animals, especially fossil specimens.
- Conservation paleobiology provides baselines for ecological restoration efforts.
- The influence of paleontology on ecological sciences can be traced back to at least the 18th century.
- BICEP and the Keck Array aim to measure the polarization of the cosmic microwave background to find signals from primordial gravitational waves.
- Particles that interact feebly with matter and have a sufficiently long lifetime can pass through the dump and be detected.
- The Aharonov–Bohm effect is sometimes called the Ehrenberg–Siday–Aharonov–Bohm effect.